CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2: ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOILS AND GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Engineering properties
2.2.1 Specific gravity
2.2.2 Unit weight and water content
2.2.3 Atterberg limit
2.2.4 Permeability
2.2.5 Compression and swelling
2.3 Principle of effective stress
2.4 Failure of soils
2.4.1 Mohr-Coulomb failure theory
2.4.2 Commonly used laboratory shear strength tests
2.4.3 Stress path and stress path tests
2.5 Characteristics of drained shear strength of soils
2.6 Characteristics of undrained shear strength of saturated cohesive soil
2.6.1 Principle of undrained shear strength
2.6.2 Characteristics of undrained shear strength
2.6.3 Methods to obtain the undrained shear strength
2.6.3.1 Triaxial UU test
2.6.3.2 CU test
2.6.3.3 Field vane shear test
2.6.3.4 Cone penetration test
2.6.3.5 Other methods and empirical formulas
2.7 Undrained shear strength of unsaturated cohesive soil
2.8 Deformation characteristics of soil
2.8.1 Definition of deformation moduli
2.8.2 Various forms of Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio
2.8.3 Yield and yield stress
2.9 Geotechnical analysis method
2.9.1 Drained behavior and undrained behavior
2.9.2 Drained analysis
2.9.3 Undrained analysis
2.9.3.1 Effective stress undrained analysis
2.9.3.2 Total stress undrained analysis
2.10 Stress paths in deep excavations
Problems
CHAPTER 3：EXCAVATION METHODS AND LATERAL SUPPORTING SYSTEMS
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Excavation methods
3.2.1 Full open cut method
3.2.2 Braced excavation method
3.2.3 Anchored excavation method
3.2.4 Island excavation method
3.2.5 Top-down construction method
3.3 Retaining walls
3.3.1 Soldier piles
3.3.2 Sheet piles
3.3.3 Column piles
3.3.4 Diaphragm walls
3.3.4.1 Construction of guided ditch
3.3.4.2 Excavation of trench
3.3.4.3 Placement of Reinforcement steel cage
3.3.4.4 Casting of concrete
3.4 Strutting system
3.5 Selection of a retaining strut system
3.6 Construction of the TNEC project
Problems
CHAPTER 4: LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Lateral earth pressure at rest
4.3 Rankine’s earth pressure theory
4.4 Coulomb’s earth pressure theory
4.5 General discussion of various earth pressure theories
4.5.1 Displacement and earth pressure
4.5.2 Comparison of Rankine’s and Coulomb’s earth pressure theories
4.5.3 Accuracy of earth pressure theories and other solutions
4.6 Earth pressure for design
4.6.1 Cohesive soil
4.6.2 Cohesionless soil
4.6.3 Alternated layers
4.6.4 Sloping ground
4.6.5 Surcharge
4.6.6 Seepage
Problems
CHAPTER 5: STABILITY ANALYSIS
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Types of factors of safety
5.2.1 Strength factor method
5.2.2 Load factor method
5.2.3 Dimension factor method
5.3 Base shear failure
5.4 Free earth support method and fixed earth support method
5.5 Base shear failure of strutted walls
5.5.1 Earth pressure equilibrium method-load factor
5.5.2 Earth pressure equilibrium method-strength factor
5.5.3 Earth pressure equilibrium method-dimension factor
5.5.4 Terzaghi’s method
5.5.5 Bjerrum and Eide’s method
5.5.6 Slip circle method
5.6 General discussion of analysis methods of base shear failure
5.6.1 Effect of the stiffness of retaining-strutting system
5.6.2 Difference in various analysis methods
5.7 Case study of base shear failure
5.8 Base shear of cantilever walls
5.9 Upheaval failure
5.10 Sand boiling
5.11 Case study of sand boiling
Problems
CHAPTER 6: STRESS AND DEFORMATION ANALYSIS ― SIMPLIFIED METHOD
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Analysis of settlement induced by the construction of diaphragm walls
6.3 Characteristics of wall movement induced by excavation
6.3.1 Safety factors of stability
6.3.2 Excavation width
6.3.3 Excavation depth
6.3.4 Wall penetration depth
6.3.5 Wall stiffness
6.3.6 Strut stiffness
6.3.7 Strut spacing
6.3.8 Strut preload
6.4 Characteristics of ground movement induced by excavation
6.4.1 Shapes and types of surface settlement
6.4.2 Influence zones of settlement
6.4.3 Location of the maximum surface settlement
6.4.4 Magnitude of the maximum surface settlement
6.4.5 Relationship between surface settlements and soil movements
6.5 Characteristics of excavation bottom movement induced by excavation
6.6 Time dependent movement
6.7 Analysis of wall movements induced by excavation
6.8 Analysis of surface settlements induced by excavation
6.8.1 Peck’s method
6.8.2 Bowles’ method
6.8.3 Clough and O’Rourke’s method
6.8.4 Ou and Hsieh’s method
6.8.5 Comparison of the various analysis methods
6.9 Three dimensional excavation behavior
6.10 Stress analysis
6.10.1 Struts―the apparent earth pressure method
6.10.2 Cantilever walls―the simplified gross pressure method
6.10.3 Strutted walls―the assumed support method
Problems
CHAPTER 7: STRESS AND DEFORMATION ANALYSIS ― BEAM ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION METHOD
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Basic principles
7.3 Formulation
7.4 Simulation of construction sequence
7.5 Estimation of coefficient of subgrade reaction
7.6 Estimation of coefficient of the at-rest earth pressure
7.7 Estimation of structural parameters
7.8 Direct analysis and back analysis
7.9 Computation of ground surface settlement
7.10 Limitation of beam on elastic foundation method
Problems
CHAPTER 8: SRESS AND DEFORMATION ANALYSIS ― FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Framework and principles
8.2.1 Linear elastic behavior
8.2.2 Plastic behavior consideration
8.2.3 Nonlinear behavior consideration
8.2.4 Types of elements
8.3 Effective stress analysis and total stress analysis
8.4 Commonly used soil models and related parameters
8.4.1 MC model–linear elastoplastic model
8.4.2 DC model–nonlinear elastic model
8.4.3 MCC–critical state model
8.4.4 HS–nonlinear elastoplastic model
8.4.5 Small strain model
8.5 Determination of soil parameters
8.6 Determination of initial stresses
8.6.1 Direct input method
8.6.2 Gravity generation method
8.7 Structural material models and related parameters
8.8 Mesh generation
8.8.1 Shape of the element
8.8.2 Density of mesh
8.8.3 Boundary condition
8.9 Plane strain analysis and 3D analysis
8.10 Finite element stability analysis
8.11 Finite element analysis procedure
Problems
CHAPTER 9: DEWATERING IN EXCAVATIONS
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Goals of dewatering
9.3 Methods of dewatering
9.3.1 Open sumps or ditches
9.3.2 Deep wells
9.3.3 Well points
9.4 Well theory
9.4.1 Confined aquifers
9.4.2 Free aquifers
9.4.3 Group wells
9.5 Pumping tests
9.5.1 Step drawdown tests
9.5.2 Constant rate tests
9.6 Dewatering plan for an excavation
9.6.1 Selection of dewatering methods
9.6.2 Determination of hydraulic parameters
9.6.3 Determination of the capacity of wells
9.6.4 Estimation of the number of wells
9.6.5 Computation of the Influence range of drawdown
9.7 Dewatering and ground settlement
Problems
CHAPTER 10: DESIGN OF RETAINING STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Design methods and factors of safety
10.3 Retaining walls
10.3.1 Soldier piles
10.3.2 Sheet piles
10.3.3 Column piles
10.3.4 Diaphragm walls
10.4 Structural components in braced excavations
10.5 Strut systems
10.5.1 Horizontal struts
10.5.2 End braces and corner braces
10.5.3 Wales
10.5.4 Center posts
10.6 Structural components in anchored excavations
10.7 Anchored systems
10.7.1 Components of anchors
10.7.2 Analysis of anchor load
10.7.3 Arrangement of anchors
10.7.4 Design of anchor stands and wales
10.7.5 Design of the free section
10.7.6 Design of the fixed section
10.7.7 Preloading
10.7.8 Design of retaining walls
10.8 Tests of anchors
Problems
CHAPTER 11: EXCAVATION AND PROTECTION OF ADJACENT BUILDINGS
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Allowable settlement of buildings
11.2.1 Allowable settlement under the building weight
11.2.2 Allowable settlement due to excavation
11.3 Assessment of building safety and design of protection measures
11.4 Adjustment of construction sequence
11.4.1 Reduce the unsupported length of the retaining wall
11.4.2 Decrease the influence of creep
11.4.3 Take advantage of corner effect
11.4.4 Take advantage of the characteristics of ground settlement
11.5 Strengthing the earth-retaining
11.6 Soil improvement
11.6.1 Soil improvement methods
11.6.1.1 Chemical grouting method
11.6.1.2 Jet grouting method
11.6.1.3 Deep mixing method
11.6.2 Analysis and design
11.7 Cross walls
11.7.1 Mechanism
11.7.2 Performance, analysis and design
11.7.3 Construction
11.8 Buttress walls
11.8.1 Mechanism
11.8.2 Performance, analysis and design
11.8.3 Construction
11.9 Micro piles
11.10 Underpinning
11.11 Construction defects and remedial measures
11.11.1 Leakage through the retaining wall
11.11.2 Dewatering during excavation
11.11.3 Construction of the retaining wall
11.11.4 Pull out the used piles
11.11.5 Over-excavation
11.12 Building rectification methods
11.12.1 Compaction grouting
11.12.2 Chemical grouting
11.12.3 Underpinning
Problems
CHAPTER 12: MONITORING SYSTEMS
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Elements of a monitoring system
12.3 Principles of strain gauges
12.3.1 Wire resistant type of strain gauges
12.3.2 Vibrating wire type of strain gauges
12.4 Measurement of movement and tilt
12.4.1 Lateral deformation of retaining walls and soils
12.4.2 Tilt of buildings
12.4.3 Ground settlement and building settlement
12.4.4 Heave of excavation bottoms or center posts
12.5 Measurement of stress and force
12.5.1 Strut load
12.5.2 Stress of the retaining wall
12.5.3 Earth pressure on the retaining wall
12.6 Measurement of water pressure and groundwater level
12.6.1 Water pressure
12.6.2 Groundwater level
12.7 Other measurement objects
12.8 Plan of monitoring systems
12.9 Application of monitoring systems
Problems
APPENDIX A: CONVENTION FACTORS
APPENDIX B: SOIL PROPERTIES AT TNEC EXCAVATION SITE
APPENDIX C: DEFINITION OF PLANE STRAIN
References
Index